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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF IMPROVISED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SENIO

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ABSTRACT The result of improvised instructional materials on students’ performance longitude and latitude at the senior technical colleges was assessed. Two hundred students of all senior technical colleges participated in the study. The students were grouped into two:- control group and experimental group (20 students formed each group “control and experimental”) preset was administered to both groups. Alter exposing the experimental group to treatment, post-test was administered. Mean and standard deviation was computed; ranked are used to answer the research question for the study. The t-test statistics was used in testing the null hypothesis formulated. The finding of this study shows that the group taught with improvised instructional materials performed better than the group taught without any instructional materials. Recommendations were offered on ways to promoting, encouraging and arousing the interest of teachers in the improvisation of mathematics equipment and materials.

INTRODUCTION For the purpose of definition, technical colleges are a post-secondary vocational training programme whose major purpose is the production of technicians and craftsmen. It is a special grade of vocational education which can be distinguished from other educational programmes because more mathematics and science are required in the training programme Okorie (2000) Today the population of Technical colleges has continue to decrease in the country, equally there had been an enormous decrease in the students population. This is due to the unimpressive state of the nation’s economy, the government has found it very difficulty to adequately finance technical colleges and also provide the scientific equipment required by these colleges. Therefore many technical colleges in the country operate without standard mathematics and science laboratories. Obviously the situation is not likely to improve in the nearest future judging from political and economic state of the nation, due to inadequate funding of the schools and colleges in the country. Consequently, the demand for mathematics and science equipment will continue to remain by these schools and colleges and the most feasible way to adjust with this demand is to resort to the improvisation of teaching equipment and materials. In Nigeria and other foreign countries, a lot of research work on improvisation of teaching of mathematics and science subjects had been carried out as part of the effort to promote, encourage and arouse the interest of mathematics and science teachers, educators and curriculum developers in improvisation of teaching equipment and materials. Alghomlan (1990) explain why mathematics teacher should improvise with available materials in other to achieve their aims in teaching. Therefore instructional materials help the teacher to meet individual differences of learners in class by using aid that appeal to different sense (Moronfola, 1983) Aina (2013), stressed that instructional materials are to supplement verbal explanation of concepts or any description so that the learning could be real to the student, therefore the national policy on Education (2004) emphasizes the teaching and learning of science principles, it also stated that the provision and use of science will lay a sound bases for scientific and reflective thinking among pupils. Ugoata (2006); Nwagbo (2008), asserted that teaching equipments and materials are often lacking in our schools. However, some of the equipments needed for teaching mathematics in technical colleges can be improvise to arose the interest of the students. Abimbola (1999), stressed that the primary purpose of instructional materials is to make learning more effective, and also facilitate it. Provision and use of instructional materials for mathematics teaching will lay a sound basis for scientific and reflective thinking among technical students. Studies have shown that the students enjoyed or gain more when improvised materials were used for teaching physics (Aina 2013).this was also supported by Eyetsemitan (2000) and Achimigu (2006) that the use of instructional materials improve achievement in basic science. METHODOLOGY An experimental design was used for this study, in which quasi-experimental approach was used. There was an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was exposed to improvised materials. Their performances were later compared using the mean scores in pre-test and post test scores. Senior students of all the five Technical colleges in Kwara State were used for this study A total of 200 students comprising of 155 males and 45 females constitute the entire population which was considered appropriate and manageable by the researcher. These students were divided in to two groups. One group was experimental (20) and other group was for control (20) Two groups (A & B) of senior students from all the five technical colleges in the state were taught mathematics lesson on the determination of distance between two points on the earth surface along the lines of latitude. The duration was 45minites each. Each group comprised of twenty (20) students. Group A was taught with improvised instructional materials, while group B, was taught without using improvised materials. At the end of the lesson, group A and B were given a written test, their script were collected and marked, and the scores were later analyzed.

HYPOTHESIS There is no significant difference between the performances of students taught using improvised instructional materials and those taught without using instructional materials.

DATA ANALYSIS Student’s scripts were marked and the scores obtained by each of the two group of student were recorded independently. The mean score of each group was then calculated t – test was also computed to find out whether or not there was any statistical significant difference in the two mean score. RESULTS Table 1 shows the number of students that took part in the pre-test and post- test for each of the two group, i.e. experimental group and control group the table therefore shows that 200 student took part in the pre-test and the 200 students took part in protest. TABLE 1: DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS S/NOGroupsNumbers of students Pre- testPost- test AExperimental Group100100 BControl group100100 Total200200

Table II: – shows the mean scores of the two groups in the pre- test. The results indicate that the students had little or no prior knowledge of longitude and latitude due to their poor performance in the pre- test conducted. Table II: MEAN SCORES FOR THE PRE- TEST DescriptionExperimental groupControl group Total score75-IK No of students100100 Mean score23.824 Table III shows the test computation of students taught with improvised instructional material i.e. locally made “globe of the earth” and their counterpart without improvised material

VariablesNoMeanSDDfCalc.tCritical value tDecision Students taught with improvised material10082.59.85998.641.970Rejected Students taught without improvised material10041.56.75 HYPOTHESIS There is no significant difference between the performance of student exposed to improvised instructional material and those not exposed to it. The hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 alpha level of significant. Judging from table 111 above, it is indicated that die t-calculated value is 8.64, while the critical or t- table value in 1-970. Since the t-calculated value is greater than the t-table, therefore null hypothesis is hereby rejected. Hence there is significant difference in the performance of student taught using improvised instructional materials and their counterparts taught without improvised instructional materials. DISCUSSION OF FINDING Pretest mean scores for the two groups are higher than the scores of their post- test of die two groups, experimental group scores was also higher than that of control group scores. Differences in their scores indicate the effectiveness of treatment given to the experimental group. This was confirmed by the t-test statistics computation of the two groups. The treatment easily aroused their interest, aid their retention and stir-up the cognitive conflict in them, thereby engage them in active participation in the lesson presented. The control groups in order hand were just presented with facts and reasons. These act allowed students to a passive participation in the lesson thereby do courses mass failure in mathematics as a subject. CONCLUSION Mathematics teaching/learning at both junior and senior students of technical colleges required a lot of handling of teaching equipment and materials by the student’s before any meaningful learning could be achieved by the teacher. Therefore, in the absence of no unready made equipment, mathematics teachers should be encouraged and advised to always design and construct equipment and material by improvising from the available resources. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the finding of this study the researcher makes the following recommendations: 1.That a comprehensive syllabus be prepared along with appropriate suggested teaching equipment and material by curriculum planners who are in charge of mathematics to guide mathematics teachers, so that the teaching and learning of mathematic in Nigeria may be thorough enough to achieve the technological development. 2.The national commission for college of education should introduce into the present NCCE curriculum for mathematics a detail comprehensive course on improvisation of mathematics equipment and materials.

REFERENCES Abimbola, A. (1999). Principles and practice of Education Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria: International Publisher. Aina, J. K. (2013). Instructional materials and Improvisation in Physics Class: Implication for Teaching and Learning. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education Aigbomlan, D.O. (1990) Improving the attitude of primary school science teachers toward improvisation, Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 26 (2), 53-58 Achimugu, L. (2006). Resources Materials for Teaching Primary Science. In U. Nzewi (ed). Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Annual Conference Proceedings, 339-345. Heinemann Publishers Plc. Eyetsemitan, P.E. (2002). Curriculum Design and Development: The Teaching and Learning of STM with the Primary Science Curriculum. In M.A.G. Akale (eds) 43rd Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Annual Conference Proceedings, 420-425. Heinemann Publishers Plc. Federal Ministry of Education (2004) National policy on Education. Lagos, NERDC Morohunfola, P.I (1983). A study of relationship between instructional resources and students’ academic performance. (Unpublished master’s thesis) University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Nwagbo, C. (2008). Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) curriculum development; Focus on problems and prospects of Biology Curriculum Delivery. N. Udofia (eds) 49th Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Annual Conference Proceedings. 13-15. Heinemann Publishers Plc. Okorie, JU (2001) Vocational industrial education, league of researchers in Nigeria (LRN) Bauchi Nigeria. Uyoata, U.E. (2006). Availability, selection and utilization of instructional resources for teaching Primary Science in Uyo Local Government Education Authority, Akwa.

Ngo India- Scope Of Education Ngo , Child Ngo And Aids Ngo In India

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Now, NGO comes into the depiction how a ngo india can play its parts for upliftment of these people. NGO can bring awareness among these about their rights which are very sadly said that very few people know about their rights and benefits of schemes which are management by Central govt. NGO India becomes these SHG’ voice and raise it so loud till it heard to proper channel or authorities whose are answerable for it. Even in getting loans from local banks for starting small businesses, is also helping by NGO.

My encounter with the Montessori Method of education grows out of an article on education ngo india that I wrote as part of my “Resurgent India” series a few years back. I was invited to visit the Sri Ramacharan Trust in Chennai, a local NGO that had commence the Montessori Method in Corporation schools in the region. When I visited a range of classrooms – some traditional, some Montessori – in a government school in Saidapet, I was truly amazed by the stark contrast.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) were the face of development aid in the last century. They channeled private and public contributions towards emergency relief, stabilization of community recovering from crisis situations and also providing technical support and finance towards developmental projects.
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States in developing consistent policies on poverty alleviation should recognize the role that can be played by social entrepreneurs and as such have a mechanism in place to identify innovations that work in line with projects on ground. Take for example, the one computer per children ngo india idea. There was a product but needed a market to make it viable, for that market to be activated, countries like Nigeria did then ordered regarding a million of such computers at a time. This volume would have helped abridged cost of production per system and guaranteed a continuous flow-out to more beneficiaries. The pilot project showed that children who had these computers had a extraordinary change of attitude to learning, an interest in the sciences and technology was aroused and the computers became an indispensable aid to teaching in various subjects.
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These organizations in India are known as non-government organizations and have independant governing body or a board of trustees. These organizations generally work for benefit of poor and down trodden people and have a broad mandate of serving deprived people. These organizations are expected to help people by spreading literacy, spreading awareness among people about their rights, making people aware about different diseases and preventive measures, help people making them self-dependant by training them in different trades and doing several activities for general public’s welfare.

Higher Education In India

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INTRODUCTION

Declination of social transformation as a core function of education was presented in the report of the Indian Education Commission (1964-66), as follows:

“Implementation of the country’s aspirations to change the knowledge, skills and values of people in general. The changes in large-scale ‘is to be achieved without a violent revolution is the only tool that can be used – Education.”

Education: —

Education is the power of mind, knowing it is practiced purposefully and effectively.

Education discipline the mind, sharpens the intellect and improves the spirit. It creates and polishes rough diamonds known in multidimensional kohinoor sparkling with scintillating brilliance. Her development of an integrated personality, which itself is the ultimate wisdom. Its a continuous process.

Philosopher President Dr.Radhakrishnan (1948) said: “There can not be educated people without educated women. If the general education should be limited to men or women, that opportunity should be given to women, they are certainly the most to be transferred to the next generation. ”

HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN: —

Higher education is defined as education after 12 years of schooling. Higher education for women, has received an expanded role and responsibility in the world. Today, in the 21 st century, we can not afford to ignore the importance of higher education for women any longer. The reason for its necessity and urgency is that there are no biological differences in the systems of men and women. Unfortunately, this important task of higher education of women remain neglected for centuries. The demand for higher education among women is becoming increasingly important, or the 3rd world countries where colonialism left a large force, affecting the education for the masses, and for women in particular.

GOALS OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN: —

To provide society with competent men and women trained in agriculture, arts, medicine, science and technology and a number of other professions, which will also be cultured people in towns with a sense of social purpose.

Strive to achieve equality in social justice and reduce social and cultural differences through the spread of education.

The need to increase education for women: men and women: —

Higher education can also be seen from the perspective of the needs of their customers. The term consumer is very wide and heterogeneous. It includes young and older men and women. In theory the need for higher education for men and women are equal. But some argue that men and women differ in their social and cultural needs.

The main argument, which provides for women’s higher education is not that higher education for women is different from that of men. Our main thrust is that in higher education, women should be equal partners. Our experience shows that, so far, higher education is still limited only to men. It must now broaden their horizons and include women. Commission on Higher Education for Women, University of Madras in 1979 rightly pointed out: “for men and women, higher education is necessary for the formation of character, ability to earn, creative expression and personal development.”

KEY FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN success / failure in completing TERTIARY EDUCATION: —

Success:

a) women are strongly motivated to succeed in the education stream.

b) the merits of the education system allows women to Excel.

c) the prejudice against women in education has been reduced. Higher education has to be equated with the bride at a dowry. ”

d) Women’s University to encourage women in higher education.

e) Women’s expectations for education based employment is high.

g) Some courses of higher education provide scholarships for women.

g) Women students were provided with accommodation in some areas.

Disclaimer:

a) Female students are experiencing difficulties in access to transport infrastructure as a whole.

b) sexual harassment, as well as the occasional student violence hinder the completion of students of higher educational institutions.

c) marriage, in many cases leads to an early lift.

d) Gender stereotyping hinders the completion of training.

e) Financial difficulties can cause a withdrawal from the education stream.

f) Part-time work to earn living hinders research.

THE IMPORTANCE of this study: —

The purpose of the Indian society was also founded in the Constitution, is to achieve a democratic, socialist and egalitarian society. In such a society, women must fulfill their role as men. Their status in the structure must be equal to men.

Generally speaking, knowledge of which imparted through the Higher Education provides the skills for its practice. Our understanding is that by acquiring the skills of women, improving their status in comparison with men, as well as the situation in the group to which they belong.

In order to understand the situation of women, and for that matter for the understanding of any social issues, need to combine at least 3, namely the prospect. from a policy perspective, in terms of statistics and in terms of culture.

The present study aimed at finding a different reason for women wishing to enter higher education.

It seeks to find reasons for entry into higher education of women in terms of men, teachers, parents and the women themselves.

This will lead to an awareness of women in different ways their undergraduate education, and thus mark the beginning of a major process of empowering women.

To learn more about the problems that hinder the achievement of higher education for women.

Make suggestions for finding a solution to these problems in a rational and free manner.

To suggest ways of improving women’s colleges, including professional courses.

To examine the scope of higher education, where women have not yet stepped up and the monopoly of men.

To suggest suitable measures to ensure that higher education for women, that is, universal free time and distance effectively.

PROMOTING HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN

In the context of social policy in education should be improved.

Family and personal consultation at the stage of secondary education can be provided.

Higher education is skill-oriented.

Innovative programs for women, can be created.

Recent decline in state support for non-traditional higher education must be reversed.

Institutions can be physically accessible ie Locate them from potential customers, improving the transportation system, etc.

Universities should be more women, it is convenient physical changes, changes in training programs for social change.

Women’s representation in the institutions of decision-making bodies, may be increased.

Equal opportunities for commissions, institutions of higher education should be established.

The number of female teachers in the co-educational institution of higher education should be increased.

Scholarships, fellowships and scholarships may be linked to the positive action program.

Women should be recruited into administrative training programs for higher education.

A great role for women’s training centers can be provided.

Universities must provide placement services.

Barriers to women’s career entry should be removed, for example, employers must be aware of the value-free, childcare centers, etc.

Sexual harassment in the educational environment must be addressed.

A large number of female secondary school graduates, as a rule, can not enter the university. To take into account that the population would be in favor of strengthening the role of professional institutions. Post secondary vocational training institutions should take steps to encourage women to training line has traditionally been considered men’s preserves.

Affirmative action quotas should be provided in order to promote women’s access to higher education, where such quotas exist, should be reviewed periodically to ensure their continuing relevance.

Where quotas to specific disadvantaged groups like the disabled, people from remote or rural areas, indigenous minorities, as a minimum proportion to be reserved for women members of these groups.

Distance education and open learning institutions and practices should be encouraged, especially in higher education to expand opportunities for women in rural and remote areas, which would take into account their needs.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: —

This study is limited only to women, students seeking higher education to Undergraduate in several professional and not professional colleges in the city of Chennai. The following are recommendations for further investigation.

1. A similar study could be conducted among graduate students and students of research level.

2. A similar study can be conducted throughout the State of Tamil Nadu.

3. A comparative study of factors affecting the entry of women in higher education may be between developing and developed countries.

4. A similar study may be an attempt on the various issues relating to higher education for women.

How To Improve Rural Education In India

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Indian literacy rate in the year 2011 census was 74.04 Government of India has taken several measures to improve the literacy rate in villages and towns of India. State Governments has been directed to ensure and improve literacy rate in districts and villages where people are very poor. There has been a good improvement in literacy rate of India in last 10 years but there is still a long way to go.

Many children living in rural areas receive a level of education which is very poor. But City areas level of education is very good.
To compare with city education and rural education:
“There are many schools in cities and towns but there are very few schools in villages and the rural areas.

“Transportation facilities like bus pick and in city schools where as children in rural areas have to walk miles to reach their schools.

“Basic amenities like no drinking water in provided in some of the schools in villages.

“Level of education in City schools is far advanced as compared to the basic level taught in rural schools.

“Computer facility is there city areas but no computer facility in villages.

“Group classes are taken by using video conferencing and audio conferencing in City schools where as no such facilities are provided for students in rural schools.

“The teachers are given tools like laptops, printers to provide notes and other important notices to the children in city schools while there are no such facilities in the rural schools.

“School infrastructure in case of cities areas is much more advanced as compared to that in schools in rural areas where some times children are even made to sit on the floor due to non-availability of furniture.

” School education in city areas is more advanced especially since there is a lot of computer aided teaching.
“Apart from the course curriculum rural schools are not able to involve children in other activities like sports, co-curricular activities and competitions. Such events and activities tend help in the over all development of the children.

Government of several measures India has taken to improve the education in villages and towns of India. But some step to improve rural side education.
List of Steps taken by Government of India to improve rural areas side education in India:

Step1: To provide free standard education to rural children.
Step2: Supporting children for higher education.
Step3: Guiding and Supporting Research scholars in Educational Development.
Step4: Implementing new teaching methodologies and Assessment system.
Step5: Promoting all schools to stress free environment.
Step6: Free education programs to poor people living in villages.
Step7: To provide Free Internet facility.
Step8: In our schools in rural side monthly once arrange seminar on any one topic example how to develop our communication?
Step9: In rural side must to teach spoken English. Because in this world English is very important. Most of the country speaking in English so rural side the government takes the step to provide free spoken English.
Step10: Maintain rank card system. Giving gift to top ranking students.
Step11: Extra caring to teach the poor students.
Step12: Yearly twice arranges the industrial visit.
Step13: Arrange the bus facility.
Step14: Maintain uniform education for all states. The Government of Tamil Nadu has been implemented the Common School System is called “Samacheer Kalvi” or Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education or Equitable education system. This is very good System. This System purpose is to make same quality syllabus which can stop discrimination based on economy, caste, religion and background for all school boards in Tamil Nadu. If we will have uniform education system in the states poor children can get more advantages of better education.

Is School Equipment Important To A Child’s Education

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School equipment is one of the most basic things that all schools require. Anything from learning materials such as stationery, exercise books or sports equipment to school furniture and facilities, and also safety and maintenance equipment. This article explores various opinions on school equipment and why it is important to learning.

Certain equipment, such as pencils, pens, or paper does need to be replenished on a frequent basis and are known as consumables. Other equipment such as tables or electricals tends to be much more expensive and there can be reluctance to replace them even when it is necessary. This is especially true now that schools are given very tight budgets from councils and the government.

According to a recent study carried out by BBCs Newsround, the news service for children across the UK, school equipment may not be fit for purpose. The study asked children their general opinions on the equipment and furniture they used. The responses were surprising: Almost all children reported serious problems. These ranged from broken, uncomfortable chairs, damaged tables, equipment that is unsuitable or too small. It seems as if headteachers do not realise how unhappy children are with the equipment they use which is a serious concern.

Another very recent debate about the quality of school buildings versus the quality of teaching was recently posted. The new education secretary Michael Grove announced that the new school building project and the BSF Building schools for the Future set up by the previous government would be cancelled to save money. But many people have argued that this means children will need to use outdated equipment in an educational setting, while others have said that the buildings as long as safe are effective enough. Whether they have considered the effect on existing furniture and equipment remains to be seen.

The recent credit crunch, recession and general lack of money in public sector spending may become a serious problem for schools with limited budgets. A typical budget for school equipment must be spread across everything from site equipment and maintenance to teaching material for children. While some of the material may still be adequate from the point of teachers, they may fall short of health and safety or quality standards set by UK and EU laws.

While the conditions of the buildings themselves are perhaps not the most important, unless of course they fall below the minimum standard, the equipment itself must always be fully functional and up to the minimum standard. School equipment can be purchased from large educational suppliers such as The Consortium. School equipment are some of the fundamental building blocks to a childs education, and combined with effective teaching can be a very important step for any child. Schools can save money by negotiating for bulk prices of items, especially expensive items such as educational furniture and searching for the best prices possible for any item. Any school budget, especially for schools which are having difficulties financially, should be carefully planned and set aside to be spent on items which need the most investment and replacement.